Huck Versus Odysseus Essay

Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is an important part of the American literary canon. Its importance, in part, derives from its tale of the development of a new nation, a development in both space and culture. Huckleberry Finn’s journey into the developing landscape of the South has some very striking commonalities with that of Odysseus’s journey in The Odyssey. With the characters, journeys and story structures being so similar between the two epics, it is imperative that analysis be given. Huck Finn and Odysseus are surprisingly similar given the time period in which they were conceived. They are both cultural heroes, embodying the ideals of their country. Huck is the epitome of the American rugged individualism. Throughout his journeys, he does whatever he wants while living on the fringes of society. Odysseus’s role in the Illiad gave him the status of a Greek hero because he outsmarted the Trojan army with his famous horse. He is known for being a clever and resourceful character, much like Huck. They are both skilled liars and trickster figures, and they use intelligence and their sly ways to get out of trouble. This is seen in the scene in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn where Huck escapes his father using intelligence not commonly found in a twelve-year old. There is a parallel to be found in Odysseus’s tricking Polyphemus to escape the cave. It is worth remarking that both encounters involve a much weaker person deceiving a drunken entity that is larger and stronger. There is one obvious similarity between the journeys of the two heroes: they take place on water. Although Huck’s journey takes place on the Mississippi while Odysseus’s takes place in the much more dangerous ocean, both journeys have a similar goal. Both heroes are searching for freedom. Huck wishes to free himself from society and Jim of enslavement, and Odysseus strives to free his beloved wife from the suitors swarming Ithaca. There are also similarities between what happens to the vessels the heroes travel with. Huck’s raft is destroyed by a â€Å"bulged out, big and scary† riverboat with â€Å"red-hot teeth† while Odysseus’s ship is destroyed by a wrathful Poseidon (115). Both scenarios show the heroes at the mercy of a more powerful entity that does not care of their well-being. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Odyssey have their own unique, individual structure, yet are still similar in this regard as well. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a highly episodic novel due to its publication in serials. The Odyssey is a Greek epic with a non-linear plot that gives it an episodic nature. Every two to four books in The Odyssey serve as new adventures of Odysseus. For The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, each chapter provides new exploits for the young hero. Such a similar structure would not be lost on readers of Twain who were acquainted with The Odyssey. The similarities in the epic journeys of Huckleberry Finn and Odysseus do not necessarily denote that Twain consciously attempted to recreate The Odyssey. There is not always a parallel between each scene of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Odyssey. It would not do to say that it is just a happy coincidence that both epics are so similar. Rather, it could be said that the similarities derive from a participation in what Joseph Campbell called the â€Å"monomyth.† An analysis between the two epics is an important exercise in intertextuality that allows for the audience to become a part of a larger literary tradition: that of the archetypal hero journey.

Hrm, Performance Mgmt.

HR03 Performance Management Assignment No. I Assignment Code: 2013HR03A1Last Date of Submission: 15th April 2013 Maximum Marks:100 Attempt all the questions. All the questions are compulsory and carry equal marks. Section-A Ques. 1Discuss the role of Performance Planning in setting performance criteria for achievement of goals of an organization. Explain with an example how an organization attempts to synchronize individual performance targets with organizational goals. Ques. 2â€Å"Performance Management –It’s about performing not just appraising† comment on the statement using theoretical concepts to support your answer. Ques. Elucidate the role of HR departments in the successful implementation of performance appraisal system in organizations. Ques. 4Explain why KPAs and performance targets form the building blocks of any good performance planning system? Section-B Case Study In response to an advertisement Murali Dhar Yadav applied for the post of an assistan t supervisor at Kanpur unit of Manorama Industries (P) Ltd. , leading manufacturers of telephone cables. He was 22 and had passed the intermediate examination in science from Uttar Pradesh Board securing a second class as well as a three-year Diploma in mechanical engineering from Allahabad Polytechnic.The selection was made in the last week of December, 2005 through scientific procedures including screening, psychological tests, group discussion, interview and medical check-up and as Yadav was found to be the most suitable person among 34 applicants, the management was pleased to offer him the position. Yadav joined the company and after completing six months’ training successfully he was formally placed as an assistant supervisor on Rs. 8000/- p. m. in the extrusion section dealing with the coating of polyvinyl chloride on copper or bunched cables. He supervised approximately 60 workers and reported to the general supervisor.His duties and responsibilities in this position included planning, training new operators, chasing schedules, developing new methods, inspection and quality checks etc. etc. Yadav’s performance as assistant supervisor from the very beginning was found to be uniformally efficient. His general behavior in the company towards his superiors, fellow-supervisors and workers was highly appreciable. He used to participate actively in informal get-togethers and parties in the canteen of the company. He inspired confidence, respect and enthusiasm in his subordinates.He was instrumental in increasing production and did not hesitate to work with his own hands. He welcomed responsibilities and did not pass on the buck. On the recommendation of the general supervisor, he was confirmed in his position. Later on, Baldev Prasad Sinha, an assistant supervisor in the cabling section, took three months’ leave, and Yadav was transferred to this section for the specified period of time. Yadav again demonstrated his ability and leadership qualities while handling responsibilities of the new section. Then, he was placed again in the extrusion section. In course of time, Rakesh Kochar, a production supervisor (shift n-charge) of the extrusion section was transferred to Kolkata unit of the company and to fill-up the vacancy thus created the general supervisor recommended the name of Yadav on the following grounds: 1. He had fair knowledge of extrusion, cabling and tinning. 2. He could get things done and had a control over the workers. 3. He was the senior most diploma holder in the extrusion department. 4. He took responsibilities willingly. 5. He had potential for leadership. The management was pleased to accept the above recommendation and promoted Yadav as a Production Supervisor (shift in-charge) at a salary of Rs. 5,000/- p. m. Gradually the factory expanded, more workers were employed and more machines were brought. However, it was found that despite the expansion, the production in cabling section was not incre asing proportionately as expected because of low motivation among workers. Yadav was transferred to this section to get the expected results. He attempted to motivate the workers by providing them good facilities for work, valuing their ideas, recognizing good work, and by changing the programmes and schedules according to the capacity of each individual.He also tried to inject team spirit among the workers by encouraging competition between the two shifts of workers. His techniques proved to be very effective and consequently production in the section increased 1. 35 times. Besides this, he also made useful suggestions for cooling the cables at the die for getting a mat finish which was implemented and since then being practiced. Later on, his services were rendered to the wire drawing section where production was suspected to suffer because of poor personal relations among the workers as well as between the supervisors.He attempted to create a healthy atmosphere in the section, to settle the disputes among workers through mutual understanding and to inject a sense of brotherhood and respect for each other. He succeeded in his attempts to build-up good relations and consequently, production increased 1. 2 times. Then, he was again placed in the extrusion section and by the end of the year, the general supervisor and the works manager appraised his performance as almost â€Å"outstanding†. Subsequently, Yadav was promoted as a general supervisor in production planning and control department.He was to be paid a salary of Rs. 17000/- p. m. The duties and responsibilities in this section included the following: 1. Coordination of wire drawing, extrusion and cabling sections. 2. Assessment of target requirements of raw materials. 3. Programming, coordinating and controlling the processes for machines. 4. Assessment of customer requirements 5. Delivery scheduling 6. Export order execution. Yadav showed mixed reactions to his promotion as a general supervisor in production planning and control department.On the one hand, he was glad to acquire the status of the general supervisor as well as accompanying financial benefits. On the other hand, he felt uneasiness for he was completely removed from the shop floor team of workers, which he enjoyed to supervise. He put his best efforts to perform his functions in the new position. However, despite his efforts, next month, 70 km of wrong colour-coded twisted wires worth about Rs. 22,000 were produced because of his incorrect planning for which he was warned to be careful in future.Again after 3 weeks, he was responsible for wrong twisting of 75 km of switch-board wire for which he was asked to submit an explanation by the works manager. Though since then such mistakes did not occur in his planning, a number of different kind of mistakes crept in because of miscalculations. Next, considerable work accumulated in the coiling section due to his incorrect planning. Again, the process was held up b ecause he planned 200 kg of 0. 4mm wire for cables but only 185kg of the wire could be actually available for it.The works manager reprimanded him privately several times for such inaccuracies in planning and did not know what to do. It was extremely surprising why Yadav’s performance tended to fall substantially below the standards expected of him by the company. Questions 1. Discuss critically performance appraisals of Mr. Yadav. 2. What are the reasons for declining performance of Mr. Yadav in the context of his performance appraisals? HR03 Performance Management Assignment No. II Assignment Code: 2013HR03A2Last Date of Submission: 15th May 2013 Maximum Marks:100 Attempt all the questions.All the questions are compulsory and carry equal marks. Section-A Ques. 1Write a note on ‘Improving managee performance in rapidly changing organization’ Ques. 2Performance management is a critical final element of the performance appraisal process. Explain how effective mana gers help employees improve performance. Ques. 3We are living in a world of teamwork and collaboration, so much so that even, the Government at the Center and that in a number of states are being sustained through coalition politics. In such a scenario can you suggest any new way of measuring erformance of employees so that they are better performers in the new organizational context. Ques. 4Explain why in any performance appraisal form the appraisees are required to fill up much more than the appraisers? Section-B Case Study – SGM Education Enterprises is a company in Noida, which came into existence in 1986 but implemented 360 degree feedback only four years ago. However, owing to immense resistance, had to discontinue its implementation. It so happened that CEO of the company was earlier given a powerful demonstration by a vendor of 360 degree feedback and the CEO was quite impressed by it.Consequently he decided to implement it in SGM Education Enterprises as well. Once t he CEO decided to implement the 360 degree feedback, he took the initiative to appoint the vendor as consultant to ensure its implementation in the company. Towards this end, an e-mail was sent highlighting its benefits and the rationale for changing to the new system. It was informed as to how the ratings collected utilizing the new system will be linked to bonuses as well as the importance of finishing the On-line training and familiarization course on the system.Later, the consultant also imparted online training to all those who showed keenness to learn as well as provided links to various documents on how to observe, assess and record performance behavior. In case any employee had a doubt or needed clarification, he could contact HR personnel to resolve any problem. Question: Discuss in detail the method adopted by the CEO to implement 360-Degree feedback in the company. As per your opinion what could have gone wrong in this regard.

The Count of Monte Cristo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Count of Monte Cristo - Essay Example The three form the antagonists in the story and plot against Dantes so he would lose what he has. Accordingly, Dantes was arrested for treason and consequently sent to prison for the rest of his life. Although he did not have any political stand, Dantes was unfortunately acting as a courier as a favor to his deceased captain and had in possession a letter from Napoleon. Moreover, the recipient of the letter was the father of the deputy public prosecutor and the latter did not want the public to know about his father’s misconduct. In jail, Dantes meets and befriend a priest who teaches him a lot of things – academic and about life in general. The priest, Abbe Faria, also tells him of a hidden treasure on the island of Monte Cristo. Dantes eventually escapes by hiding inside the deceased Faria’s shroud and swims to freedom when the jailers throw out what they thought was the priest’s body in the sea. Dantes uses the knowledge and the money he got from Faria to reinvent himself in order to get his revenge against the people who had made his life miserable. Throughout the beginning of the story, Dantes manifests a person who does not think ill of people. This was evident when, upon questioning from Morrel, he still had good words to say about Dangler even if he knew Dangler did not like him. (Dumas) When he found out the Cardousse had left his father to starve to death by making his father pay Dantes’ entire debt, Dantes still managed to welcome Cardousse into their home. (Dumas) He values his relationship with his father. When he found him starving, he immediately gave him gold to buy whatever he needed. (Dumas) Dantes was also someone who initially believed in hope and God. In prison, while struggling to make sense of what had happened to his life, he was still optimistic that God would pull him through the circumstances. This was especially clear when he continued waiting for the governor’s decision to release him from j ail and kept making rationalizations when the decision seemed to take longer than he expected. (Dumas) Initially, Edmond Dantes was convinced that he was just a victim of fate. From the innocent and simple-minded man that he was, however, he turned into a vengeful and cunning person once he discovered the reason for all the misfortune he had gotten. The priest Faria regretted telling Dantes how the latter ended up in jail. (Dumas 186) He knew that once Dantes found out about the truth, the latter would be filled with so much anger and passion to get back at those who took his life away. Because of his quest for revenge, Edmond Dantes mastered the art of lying like those who betrayed him. In the course of the story, he pretends to be someone else three times, initially, in order to save his boss, Morrel, and finally as the sophisticated Count of Monte Cristo. In the midst of executing his plans against Fernand and the rest, Dantes realizes that he has deeply hurt innocent people in t he process and that he is not God who can control and foresee the effects of his actions. (Dumas 610) In an attempt to mitigate all the wrongdoing he believes he has committed, he helps Maximilian appreciate the latter’s love for Valentine by letting Maximilian believe Valentine was dead. (Dumas) The story of Edmond Dantes can be likened to the life of tennis superstar Andre Agassi. Although the themes present in the novel by Dumas do not

Nutrition and kids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition and kids - Essay Example It is relevant to admit that obesity epidemic in USA grows rapidly. The statistic data shows that in the 1970s only 5-7 % of children have been obese (Johnson, n.p.). Whereas the evidences from 2012 year demonstrates that 17 % of U.S. children are considered to have serious problems with weight (Johnson, n.p.). Such situation state the idea that question under consideration becomes even more important and represents higher rates in present-day society. The process of determining obesity in children can be rather difficult as kids grow with different rates and in various periods of time (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). In such a case body mass index (BMI) may perform an important role (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). The matter is that this indicator shows the amount of fat in the child’s body. Still, body mass index can be regarded as inappropriate as the process of growth is unstable and variable (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). In such a situation the consultation with health care provider is remained to be relevant. The question of obesity causes is considered to be highly relevant concerning this problem. The obesity rates grow with the development of society, the environment and surrounding is changed (Johnson, n.p.). As a result the nutrition changes are also become relevant. People are used to eat in a fast food restaurant where a huge amount of junk food can be found. Parents usually are busy and not always able to keep up what their children eat (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). Children with low self-esteem or some medical illness are also prone to obesity in children (AACAP, n.p.). In addition, the lack of exercises are one of the important factors that cause obesity (AACAP, n.p.). Those children who do not go in for sports can easily become overweight. It is relevant to mention that the question of genes in the dimension of child’s obesity is contradictory. On one hand, kind with overweight parents are more disposed to experience obesity (AACAP, n.p.). On the

Financial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Financial Accounting - Essay Example Tesco’s performance in the two preceding year 2008 and 2009 has been good and the company has been performing with its best abilitites. Although the company has operated well, there are few areas that my need improvement. The profitability of the company has been good and has increased a bit but the net profit margin has decreased, indicating that the company’s conversion of its gross profit to net profit is rather low and it has gone bad in the year 2009 as compared to 2008. The liquidity is a bit shaky and needs some attention. The liquidity ratios calculated above clearly predict that the company is facing some working capital issues; the feasible result for the current ratio is 2:1, whereas the feasible result for acid test ratio would be 1:1. According to the ratios calculated, TESCO does not have the necessary current assets to deal with its current liabilities. The company as per the calculations above seems to have too many current liabilities (almost double to the amount of the current assets), such an effect is really alarming for any company and Tesco should clearly employ techniques to overcome this issue. The chairman has concluded that the company has performed well during the year end 2009 although there were major economic downturns for the global business environment due to which many weak companies collapsed. Considering that particular economic recession, TESCO has performed exceptionally well in the year 2009. Besides this, the chairman has pointed out on the acquisition of TESCO personal finance held by the Royal Bank of Scotland considering this an organic growth for the company. TESCO has certainly grown over the years and it would have been in a much better state if it was not for the global economic recession. Debenhams is a leading department stores group. Debenhams has a strong presence in key product categories including women’s wear, menswear, home wares, health and beauty, accessories,

The Development of The American Broadway as Theatre and Culture Research Paper

The Development of The American Broadway as Theatre and Culture - Research Paper Example The American Broadway Musical has enjoyed success since its inception, gradually coming to be recognized as a truly American contribution to theatre. Success is measured in terms of the length of its run on Broadway. In fact â€Å"long runs became the norm for a hit show† (Hischak 2004, 449). Plays such as My Fair Lady 1956, Hello Dolly! 1964, Grease 1972 and Cats 1982 have maintained the record for Broadways longest running musicals (Hanschak 2004, 449). However, Phantom of the Opera enjoyed the longest run of over 8,000 performances between 1987 and 1988 (Hischak 2004, 450). Typically when a Broadway musical enjoys immense success directors are inclined to transfer the production to the big screen. This is obviously an economic incentive in the sense that movie producers anticipate making money from a film version of a successful and popular Broadway production. In return, the Broadway Musical producers are entitled to royalties from the box office returns and in most cases a token advance payment against future royalties (Vogel 2001, 520). However, a successful Broadway musical does not automatically guarantee that the subsequent film version will be equally successful. For instance, The Phantom of the Opera, while immensely successful on Broadway was a relative flop in the cinema. It has been argued that the box office failure may be attributed to the fact that the film version came too late, having gone into film production some twenty years after its first theatrical debut. By that time the momentum and popularity had faded somewhat (Broadway n.d.).à ‚  

Organizational Analysis and Change Project Research Proposal

Organizational Analysis and Change Project - Research Proposal Example (Aaker, 1991) When message relevance is low, individuals will not actively process the information in the advertisement, but will instead rely on peripheral message cues to form or change attitudes. Brand Identity is that element of customer perception and awareness which has its focus in the results of a certain kind of projection through the brand equity building measures. This calls for an integrative model which will combine the basic elements of the brand identity and brand equity concepts so as to create a platform for the effective discussion of the Elaboration Likelihood Model. This has been of special relevance for the Coca Cola company as far as its foray into target market and product variation is concerned. (Kotler, 1997) The modern day organisation depends to a great extent on the contribution and quality of its human capital. The human capital may be defined as that element of the organisation's operational sphere that is a living, breathing part of the activities that put the innate resources and factors of production into application. This application results in profits arising out of the activities of the human capital and the efficiency with which this resource carries out its tasks. This in turn, has a bearing on the achievement of the organisation's goals. (Johnson, 1996. P 13 to 18) Business Partner The first role of the human resource in today's organisation is that of a business partner. This has come to the fore with the emergence of various service oriented companies that provide intensive marketing services along with the products that are being produced. The emergence of a marketing network has been crucial to companies like Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance, Oriflame Cosmetics and many others. (Green, 2002. P 111) The business partner method operates along the following lines, as depicted in the diagram below: Branch Manager ' Sales Team Manager ' Team of Business Partners (Sales Agent) (Green, 2002) These business partners work independently from home or under the name of their own business in order to cater to people exclusively and bring the products and services of the company to the doorstep of the independent clients. The role of these business partners is to bring business to the company by exploring their personal networks so as to earn commissions on the sales that they make. This is a formal level of institutionalised operations where the organisation profits greatly. This is done by pushing the product in quarters where the effects of regular marketing and promotion cannot reach. It is also an elevated level of salesman ship where the sales agents are offered a share in the business that they make. The advantage of this is that the business partners take a personal interest in the development of a clientele. (Green, 2002. P 111) Further, this serves the two fold purpose of sales and promotion. While there might not be immediate sales in some cases,

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Assignment Example The living things respond to the environment mainly through the receptors that responds to stimuli; a stimulus is a kind of energy such as chemical energy and sunlight energy. When a substance is highly concentrated outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell, diffusion or osmosis takes place thus enabling them to multiply (Deising, 23). From the above description, it is clear that CukE and Milk enabled the cells in the culture dish to multiply since the reindeer cells were activated. To illustrate this further a given fluid that can either be containing high concentration of salt or sugar outside a cell is likely to enter the cell if the cell is lowly concentrated. A given change in the blood sugar level is described as a deviation from homeostasis that the body works in order to reverse. Due to the fact that different receptors respond to different stimuli thus causing changes in the cell, the reindeer cells were therefore stimulated by the milk to multiply. ... ion of ciliate protozoa in the year 1895 as he made a comparison between the reindeer that originated from domestic ruminant and the reindeer from the zoological garden in Germany. He concluded that both were the same, Lubinski who worked in Northern Canada with the caribou (Starr, 87) further proved these results in 1958. The UV rays originating from the sun usually have an effect on the reindeer cells in one way or another as it is described in the book of Acts Climate Impact Assessment – Scientific report`. This is well illustrated as follows; various studies have shown that the exposure of enhanced UV radiation interferes with the growth of cells whereby the larger cells are inhibited to a larger extent as compared to the smaller ones (Karentz et al). Other scientists such as Vincent and Laurion further made an evaluation in 1998 that the smaller cells resisted the UV rays on a great deal as compared to the large cells. The UV rays inhibit photosynthesis from taking place within the cell because it interferes with the whole process (Starr, 426). Therefore, the UV rays have the ability to destroy the reindeer cells thus reducing their number. The UV rays in connection to the DNA Damage Checkpoint Genes might have also played a big role in this context by lowering down the number of cells. With reference to the book of checkpoint Controls and Cancer`, it is described as a signal cascade that plays a big role in blocking the cell cycle at the metaphase, G1, G2 and in slowing down the DNA replication rate in phase S. Apart from the cell cycle blockage, the cells also respond in many different ways such as DNA repair, apoptosis and in the activation of the transcription. However, many genes have damaged the DNA checkpoint pathways (Holzapfel &Naughton, 125). As soon

Student Absenteeism Results to Dropping Out of School Essay Example for Free

Student Absenteeism Results to Dropping Out of School Essay

Taylorism Paper Essay Example for Free

Taylorism Paper Essay The American Frederick W. Taylor (1856–1915) pioneered the scientific management approach to work organization, hence the term Taylorism. Taylor developed his ideas on work organization while working as superintendent at the Midvale Steel Company in Pennsylvania, USA. Taylorism represents both a set of management practices and a system of ideological assumptions. The autonomy (freedom from control) of craft workers was potentially a threat to managerial control. For the craft worker, the exercise of control over work practices was closely linked to his personality, as this description of ‘craft pride’, taken from the trade journal Machinery in 1915, suggests: As a first-line manager, Taylor not surprisingly viewed the position of skilled shop-floor workers differently. He was appalled by what he regarded as inefficient working practices and the tendency of his subordinates not to put in a full day’s work, what Taylor called ‘natural soldiering’. He believed that workers who did manual work were motivated solely by money – the image of the ‘greedy robot’ – and were too stupid to develop the most efficient way of performing a task – the ‘one best way’. The role of management was to analyse ‘scientifically’ all the tasks to be undertaken, and then to design jobs to eliminate time and motion waste. Taylor’s approach to work organization and employment relations was based on the following five principles: †¢maximum job fragmentation †¢separate planning and doing †¢separate ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ labour †¢a minimization of skill requirements †¢a minimization of handling component parts and material. The centrepiece of scientific management is the separation of tasks into their simplest constituent elements – ‘routinization of work’ (the first principle). Most manual workers were viewed as sinful and stupid, and therefore all decision-making functions had to be removed from their hands (the second principle). All prepa-ration and servicing tasks should be taken away from the skilled worker (direct labour), and, drawing on Charles Babbage’s principle, performed by unskilled and cheaper labour (indirect labour, in the third principle). Minimizing the skill requirements to perform a task would reduce the worker’s control over work activities or the labour process (the fourth principle). Finally, management should ensure that the layout of the machines on the factory floor minimized the movement of people and materials to shorten the time taken (the fifth principle).While the logic of work fragmentation and routinization is simple and compelling, the principles of Taylorism reflect the class antagonism that is found in employment relations. When Taylor’s principles were applied to work organization, they led to the intensification of work: to ‘speeding up’, ‘deskilling’ and new techniques to control workers, as shown in Figure 3.2. And since gender, as we have dis-cussed, is both a system of classification and a structure of power relations, it should not surprise us that Taylorism contributed to the shift in the gender composition of engineering firms. As millions of men were recruited into the armed forces for the First World War (1914–18), job fragmentation and the production of standardized items such as rifles, guns and munitions enabled women ‘dilutees’ to be employed in what had previously been skilled jobs reserved exclusively for men. Some writers argue that Taylorism was a relatively short-lived phenomenon, which died in the economic depression of the 1930s. However, others have argued that this view underestimates the spread and influence of Taylor’s principles: ‘the popular notion that Taylorism has been â€Å"superseded† by later schools of â€Å"human relations†, that it â€Å"failed† †¦ represents a woeful misreading of the actual dynamics of the development of management’. Similarly, others have made a persuasive case that, ‘In general the direct and indirect influence of Taylorism on factory jobs has been extensive, so that in Britain job design and technology design have become imbued with neo-Taylorism’ (ref. 10, p. 73).

How to Stay Calm in a Stressful Situation

How to Stay Calm in a Stressful Situation Staying calm in an unsettling situation Its three-thirty in the morning, you see as you roll over to check your iphone, the soft-yellow glare of the screen shining on your face, but still too bright in relation to the darkness of your room. Getting back to the snug, warm part part of your bed, attempting to get warm, you hear again what probably woke you up, since you normally do not get up until 4:40 in the morning. Looking out the window, softly retracting the heavy drapery which does a good job at blocking out light and sound, so whatever made that initial scraping sound outside, is worth to pay any mind to. As you peep outside, blinding light and blistering heat suddenly hits your face, like if someone took out a cloth from a hot oven and pressed it onto your face with force. What you are seeing, is the whole forest that encircles your isolated home on fire, rapidly spreading from tree to tree. That loud snapping sound, was the pine tree that fell and scraped the edge of the house. The fire from the branches, roared on , licking the roof and setting it a-blaze. You, witnessing this hell-like dream, quickly recollect yourself, not panicking and swiftly slide out of bed. Sprinting to your little brother and cousin who are sleeping in the same room together, you snatch them up into your arms, the family dog staying on your heels, then you bust through the front door, not caring that you just Sparta-kicked it off its hinges. Little brother and the cousin, both nearly five years old, are crying and screaming about the fire blocking your driveway by another pine tree and that we are, going to burn alive. Telling them to, hush-up and, quit yalls crying before I leave yall here, you practically throw them into the back seat of your Toyota Tundra Truck, the dog jumped in, her tail in between her legs, wrapping them up with wool blankets, slamming the door shut, you crawl in the drivers seat with ease. Igniting the engine with your keys, putting the gear into full drive, you put the petal to the metal, right at the burning tree while your relatives a re covering their eyes and sobbing, you are shaking pretty bad too, yet calm and reserved. The steel frame protecting the hood and grill of your truck, it successfully smashes through the fallen tree; you feel the shock-wave ripple throughout your body from the impact. Soon yall reach the highway and are cruising Eastward, away from the fire, which rose nearly one-hundred and fifty feet into the night sky and the smoke, ten times as high. You begin to think to yourself of what just happened about ten minutes ago, knowing that if you lost your cool, you along with your brother, cousin, and dog, would have been burned alive right about now. So you thank God for keeping you calm and getting out alive with everyone, in a silent prayer, still shaking. As you can see, staying calm in a stressful/scary situation, can save your and others Lives too. Heres a brief testimony of a wildfire evacuee that inspired me to write that made-up story for you: There were flames on both sides of the highway. It was pretty scary,especially when you have your little brother and your little cousin in the car with you, and theyre freaking out, and you have to tell them to calm down (Rowell). Perhapswe should, Laugh oftenWhen you laugh, your muscles relax and the stress hormones in your body go down (Adams). Take my own personal bullying experience back in seventh grade in the locker room and I wont name any names. Everyday, during lunch and P.E. back at the Junior High, there was a large group of kids one grade ahead of me who loved to give me hell. There were seven or six of them, all loud mouths and quite more built than me. Anyways, everyone including myself, finished playing dodgeball, so I am pretty sure it was a Friday. I know that they would pick on me, call me names, flicking my ear as they pass by me, even a shove or two, just to taunt me and I would always take it and not do anything to retaliate because I was simply scared. I wanted to try something new that day in order to possibly get them uninterested in me and that was laughing when they began to throw profanities at me. Well, unfortunatelyÂÂ   Im unable to recall what exactly happened, but I know I just laughed whenever they bullied me and that really helped me with not being so scared. So if you are being harassed by others, just laugh if its verbal. I promise that you will not be really scared nor as shaky. Eventually, their verbal teasing, threats, and the occasional shove, turned into slapping and punching. Of course, these events took place whenever an adult or teacher was not looking. I was growing tired of this constant abuse, so I decided to stand up for myself (it was nearing the end of my seventh grade year, after the STAAR test). I began to look up fighting videos and re-watched the movie Sherlock Holmes for the fight scenes over and over until the last day of school and I felt confident that I would take down these guys one-on-one. But I was still shaking just thinking about it and started to tear up when I got close to my first target. Again, I forgot what I said, but I know I did chicken out and I regret not beating up my bullies. Think about this, How can you expect someone to be confident when this is his or her first time fighting? You have to believe in your training and believe in your techniques (Puu). I was not anything Mr. Puu just explained; I was a coward and cowards lose their honor. I have yet to gain mine back. Late at night, almost midnight, with absolutely no moon nor starlight to light the vast prairie you and your fellow men treck with unease. The grass is a foot high, really slick that is sticking to your combat boots and the tip of your AR-15. The thickest of fog you could ever imagine, is annoyingly spooky, as you can not even see your own boots, but you and your men bravely go on, across this haunted Texas Prairie. Now the only noise you hear, is the hushed breathing and footsteps of you and your squad mates, that is, until you hear a high-pitched screech from behind you for about two seconds thensilence. When everyone heard that, all yall stopped dead in yalls tracks. The five other men, you know by instinct, are looking at you, even though no one could see each other. The only way to not get separated, was the rope that you and your team had tied to each other about five hours ago before walking onto this immense expanse of land. You tap the rope that is attached to you twice, sig nalling to them to get flat on their chests and do not move, just look and listen. Yall wait for the same heart wrenching shriek again for five minutes, justwaiting. Soon, you can not hear your boys breathing anymore. It grew so quiet, that you could hear silence and you can actually hear the blood flowing to your ears, yearning to pick up any sound to turn the coming painful headache you begin to start feeling. Then, out of nowhere, you hear the rapid approach of what sounds like feet, from behind you and quickly accompanied by the same, terrifying screech that sounded just like a Woman wailing and a deranged screech owl put together. You immediately jump to your feet, urging the squad on to sprint as fast as they can and you tell the caboose man to unload his machine gun at whatever was chasing yall. Running at top speed, bringing your legs up to your chest, in fear of getting snagged on something or getting tripped by an occasional deer that happened to be sleeping. Your chest and legs begin to feel very heavy and are hurting from sprinting for about five minutes. Breathing is becoming very difficult and quite the challenge. Suddenly, you feel a violent tug at where the rope knots off of you and you are no longer anchored off by it. For whatever is chasing you, got a hold of your men all at once, you are now alone, still running towards nowhere, through the fog, just hearing that quick rustle of grass behind you, knowing thatthing is closing in. The wind began to pick up finally, though you know your strength is now failing you, just a little bit longer! You think to yourself desperately while starting to slow d own, your breaths coming out in short gasps, the wind at full speed of nearly seventy miles per hour blowing in from behind, lending your feet wings. No more than five seconds later, you burst through a large bush and onto a busy highway, your rifle lying on the concrete beside you. You close your eyes, expecting to get devoured or dragged by whatever creature did to your comrades about fifteen minutes ago. Miraculously, nothing happened, just vehicles whizzing by and the wind, blowing in your face, choking you. Raising your arm to your nose and mouth to breathe, you get up and when you do, you drop on your knees then puke your guts out. So,breathing techniques can actually help calm the body to respond in these stressful situations in the most effective way (Klimas). In conclusion, staying calm in all bad, stressful, and scary situations, all you need to do is, just keep your cool and breathe deeply. Do not freak out and you will be just fine. 🙂

DIBS Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Sometimes he sat mute and unmoving all morning or crawled about the schoolroom floor oblivious to the other children or to his teacher.† The book Dibs is a testimony of a child who seemed to be mentally retarded because he has created his own world inside of him. In her book, Virginia Axline proves that the therapy by the play is a way of curing people such as Dibs. During her book, she gives lecture to the reader of a recording taken from the sessions with the little child. During this expose, we will develop Dib’s relation with adults in particular his teachers, parents and grand mother. Then we will analyze another relation: the one with his therapist. In the second part the phenomena of rejection will be analyzed in both sides: in the mother and the father side but also with Dibs itself. Later, we will try to understand which role play therapy had occurred on Dibs change. When the books starts, Dibs is in the school since two years. At the beginning he refused to talk. Sometimes he could stay dumb and still during an entire morning. Other times, he could have violent bout of anger when it was time to go back home, which provoked towards teachers and director of the school a big anxiety. Was he mentally retarded? Was he suffering of a mental illness since his birth? Did his brain have received a shock? No one knew, even his parents who always refused to talk about their son’s attitude. But as the author, Virginia Axline, said â€Å"there was something about Dibs behavior that defied the teachers to categorize him, glibly and routinely, and send him on his way. His behavior was so uneven. At one time, he seemed to be extremely retarded mentally. Another time he would quickly and quietly do something that indicated he might even have superior intelligence† (Axline, Virginia Dibs in search of Self, 15). The staff meeting of class finally dec ide to help Dibs and to do something for him. It is at this point that the Doctor Virginia Axline, â€Å"specialized in working with children and parents† is called. Dibs relationship with his teachers was non existent. His reaction was the one of an assisted person. When it was going-home time, the child used to stay in the class without a gesture waiting for the teachers to put his coat on while saying â€Å"No go home! No go home! No go home!† (Dibs in search of Self, 1... ...ip with the examiner, whom he had never seen before† explains Virginia Axline in her books. The results of Dibs indicated that Dibs was an â€Å"exceptionally gifted child† capable of getting a score of 168 at a I.Q at fifteen years old. The reader will found in annex, a letter written by Dibs himself when he was fifteen in order to protest against an injustice. This letter shows first of all a maturity certain of the adolescent and the miracle that Play Therapy had on him. I found personally incredible to realize that this child who was predominate to stay in his own world all his life had been capable to write this letter where the theme of humiliation and revenge are once again present. Works Cited Axline, Virginia. Dibs in Search of Self. New York: Ballantine Books, 1964 Axline, Virginia. Play Therapy. New York: Ballantine Books, 1969 Battachi, Marco W. Une contribution à   la psychologie des à ©motions : l’enfant humilià ©. Paris: n.p, 1993 Brenner, Charles. An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis. New York: Anchor Books Doubleday, 1973   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Winnicott, Donald. Playing and Therapy. London: Tavistock Publications, 1971   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Chaim Potoks The Chosen †Rueven and Danny :: Potok Chosen Essays

The Chosen – Rueven and Danny In the novel, The Chosen, Chaim Potok successfully captures the strange customs of a Jewish community through wit and satire. Potok's novel focuses on two Jewish boys, who live in a world where their families expect high standards of achievement of them. The wish to become an insightful leader in the Jewish community was an always-predominant custom of the two families. But with hard work and perseverance, the two boys (Rueven and Danny), find out that they really are, and what lives they will lead in the future. The novel concentrates on the desire to conceive a person's personal wants while conforming to tradition. The basis of all the conflicts in the entire novel stem from the differences in family life, which are brought on by the discrepancies of religious beliefs. Rueven, who is an Orthodox Jew, goes to a parochial school where Hebrew is taught instead of Yiddish (which would be considered the first Jewish language). Rueven's school is also very integrated with many English-speaking classes. But on the other hand, Danny, who attends a yeshiva (also a Jewish school), considers himself a true Jew because he (unlike Rueven) wears the traditional side curls and is educated in Yiddish. At first the two boys cannot stand each other, many times Danny refers to Rueven as "apikorsim," (32) which basically translates to... someone who is not true to their religion. These differences between the two soon become obsolete with one unfortunate accident, and make them realize they could use each other to get through some hard times. "Silence is all we dread. There's ransom in a voice--But Silence is infi nity."-Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson's quote can be related to the novel in several ways. "Silence is all we dread," can relate to Danny's lifestyle and how he cannot stand the silence in which his father lives. The only time Danny makes conversation with his father is when he is studying the Talmud. " It occurred to me suddenly that not a single word had passed between him and his father all evening, except for the Talmud contest" (145). This silence is basically what drove Danny to search for guidance or someone to talk to. "There's ransom in a voice," relates to Rueven being Danny's savior. As Danny explains to Rueven what he said to his father, "I told him we were good friends, I really think we are" (119).

Stephen King Ars Poetica on Horror

Danse Macabre, he views Lovecraft as a major impact in the field of dark horror fiction writing and also acknowledges the fact that King himself considered him as a major source of inspiration, which was embedded In his style of writing. When he reminisces about how he got Introduced to the genre, he states that his first pick of the countless texts happened to be one of Lovecraft's short stones. King mentions, that although many consider this writer as a hack. hat could be clearly seen from his writings is that â€Å"the man himself took his work eriously*' (Danse Macabre 1 17), Based on the excellent horror works that Lovecraft produced, Stephen King shares the belief, that the most powerful horrors could only work, if the reader felt the weight of the size of the universe and the contradictory size of one individual, and these works implied such not mentioned forces so powerful, that they could â€Å"destroy us all If they so much as grunted In their sleep† (Danse Macabre 80).This, as a matter of fact, Is the basis for all xenophobic tales and serves as a basis tor creating the scary atmosphere and which Lovecraft efers to as ‘cosmic fear'. We have established that a working piece of macabre is one that has the ability to create a connection with our feeling of fear. However, this cannot stand by itself and it is the writer's responsibility to portray these embodiments.A great amount of imagination is essential from the reader's part for the piece of horror to work, King however looks at imagination both as a blessing and a curse (Danse Macabre x), since people with a massive Imagination are the sanest, most down-to-earth people, they are clear on the dangers posed on our everyday Ilfe rom almost any direction. King refers to this phenomenon as ‘seeing in darker spectrums' (Danse Macabre x), which is a healthy outlook on the world, healthier than the so-called ‘ostrich policy', where one acts as if the problem is non-existent.That i s why he Jokingly mentions readers of horror as ‘sick, but lively puppies' (Danse Macabre x). Accepting the fact that threats are all around us one makes it easier to go on with life, since this can be viewed as accepting our mortality and not being clouded by delusions of Invlnclblllty. However, merely reallzlng the dangers Is not ufficient, one has to watch out not to go to extremes: because neither could work, both ends of the extreme reject something vitally important to our everyday life.That is why it is Imperative to find a balance between reality and imagination. And since readers of horror have a pretty stable mindset despite the topics they are reading about, we can agree with King when he calls readers of horror saner the average person (Danse Macabre Why Horror Is Needed To some extent every person needs horror In their life according to King. He believes that by exposing ourselves to unreal and fearful scenarios through different media, e exert a therapy that is m ost beneficial to our healthy mindset.King mentions in his foreword of his short story collection Night Shift, that many view the love of horror as an unhealthy obsession. He calls it ‘slowing down and looking at the accident' syndrome (3), because people are curious by nature, always looking for stories and answers, even though they may not find one. And when the time comes that one has to Tina tne answer, It may not De solved alone.I nat Is wny Klng says tnat norror fiction is a ‘safety valve, a kind of dreaming awake' (Danse Macabre x), which means hat it is used to let pressure out, since as he says ‘the world of our normal lives looks ever so much better when the bad dream ends'. We take refuge in make-believe terrors, we know evil is lurking around and seeing it come to life reassures us of the fact, that we are not paranoid and there are other people out there who think alike about the dangers in our everyday lives. It is a battle one has to fght with a real life emotion by oneself.But a horror fiction can only work if the reader is personally touched. ‘They grope into our subconscious minds, and find the things so terrible we annot articulate them and confront them' (Danse Macabre xi), which is in Stephen King's opinion a definition of horror of good quality and what every artist should strive to achieve when creating a tale that was meant to scare. By stimulating our ‘psychological pressure point' (Danse Macabre 86) as he calls it – usually in connection with our own mortality – writers might be able to evoke the type of fear that King is trying to describe.This however has to be done not on a direct level, but with the use of symbols in the horror piece. The writers strive to create a dream-like tmosphere in hopes of illustrating or recreating the nature of their problem in the reader's mind. Dreams are volatile forms of coping, unless it hits the ‘pressure points', the impact might not be as deep and it might be forgotten in a short amount of time. As King puts it: [A great horror story is] one that functions on a symbolic level, using fictional (and sometimes supernatural) events to help us understand our own deepest real fears (Danse Macabre xi).He emphasizes ‘understand' here and avoids saying ‘know', because if one is introduced to it without actually having the roper background explained; one would lack the ability to confront it or would not be able to come up with a plan to tackle it. Only supernatural elements, however, make it harder for the reader to exercise their suspension of disbelief; another essential tool has to be integrated, which is none other than realistic elements. In his book King mentions, that he particularly remembers a movie, which had a great impact on him: The Blair Witch Project.Since it is a movie, it has visuals to work with as well as music, and although it was made with a small budget, it looked and it felt eal, according to King. Although in the movie itself there is not much action and we do not see the witch, Just by placing it in a very realistic environment, it made the film believably true, further supporting the idea of realism as a ground for suspense. But making a good horror is hard, since the genre and the audience are constantly changing in the sense that new topics need to be introduced every once in a while.Horror writing is a very volatile and delicate form of art, says King, and it is in constant need of innovation. What worked once may not work again, â€Å"catching ightning in a bottle†, revisiting the same ideas may wear out after a time (Danse Macabre xii). As time passes the object of people's fears are changing, while at the same time it stays the same on an instinctive level, that is why horror writers need to invent new ways to make us fear the unknown and to let us indulge in its dark atmosphere.Horror works on two levels: ‘gross-out' level, meaning the distasteful images and the horrid monsters in the tale, and on a more potent level, describing horror as a kind of dance, a slow rhythmic search for our deepest level of emotions, he simple and brutally plane hole of a Stone Age cave-dweller (Danse Macabre 218). I nls Is Daslcally slmllar to wnat LovecraTt was trylng to explaln In nls essay, tne instinctive fear that has been present since people exist.So we can conclude that the definition of a real danse macabre is when the creator of a horror story is able to unite the conscious and the subconscious mind with one potent idea, usually with a dash of realism and an equal amount of supernatural used, so that the readers can still rely on their suspension of disbelief. Is Horror Art? We have established, that for a good horror to be written, many elements have to be in place. And that raises the question: is horror a form of art.Although this is a yes- no question, the answer to this is not as simple as it looks like. Not every piece of this genre can be viewed as a form of art, because several elements have to work together to create a good horror story. King goes ahead and claims that since it was composed like a piece of music or painting, and it was looking for something that would predate art: phobic pressure points (Danse Macabre 18), then we can safely all horror an art form. This point of view might be a bit biased; King himself admits that he is an avid fan of the genre.He does agree with the fact that some narratives are not as well thought out as they should be, but he does not mention that by doing so, they are failing to fulfill their primary purpose of introducing readers to their own fears. Carroll on the other hand has a more critical approach on the subject: he agrees that it might as well be an artistic genre, but generalization of it should be avoided (38). He calls horror a â€Å"concept with fuzzy and perhaps developing oundaries†, which basically suggests that it does not require a tight definition.W e could try and categorize horror by how well it exerts the phobic pressure point idea. Most works are able to find the so-called national phobic pressure points – which as the name suggests, is not aimed at the individual, it is experienced on a grander scale -, most successful pieces of horror media always plays upon and express fears which exist across a wide spectrum of people, fears often political, economic, and psychological rather than supernatural. In connection to this phenomenon King entions the time, when the movie version of Invasion of the Body Snatchers came out.The motion picture had come out at the time of the Red Scare, when people were afraid that their close friends or even relatives might be communists. The movie tells the story of an everyday American little town, with everyday American people who are slowly being replaced by pod-people, who look and act like the switched humans. We can see the parallelism between the two and although Finney, whose book was the one that got adapted into film format, claimed that the story itself was written ithout any intent of a political undertone.But because of the timing, it has emerged as one of the most well-known horror tales. Another example of well-timed symbolism that has affected big audiences would be the emerging of the zombie culture. Taking a look at the historical overview, we can determine that this fad has been gaining ground since the terrorist-scare in America. The image of ruthless, animalistic, seemingly unstoppable beings that only know how to kill and hunt people without remorse would be exactly how the American government tries to depict errorists.We can agree that applying pressure on the national phobic pressure points work, still, King raises an interesting paradox about the issue: it is a generally accepted idea that negative emotions are usually associated with ‘mob instincts', when in reality these are what drive wedges between individuals, and then we are lett alone wltn our Tears, ana In Tact tney ao not unlte us. Yurtnermore ne asks wny we need make-believe horror when there is so much real horror going on in life (Danse Macabre 27).Or putting it another way: why people need stories of isintegration, Just to, by outletting our pent up emotions, bring them back to a constructive state again. The answer is right there in the question, to help people cope with the harshness of reality in the form of entertainment. this feeling of reintegration, arising from a field specializing in death, fear, and monstrosity, that makes a danse macabre so rewarding and magical†¦ that, and the boundless ability of the human imagination to create endless dream worlds and then put them to work† (Danse Macabre 28) – explains Stephen King why he chose this particular media to express himself.

Diversity from the Perspective of a Food Service Director Essay

An effective and successful â€Å"food service director† is somebody who has a heartfelt/genuine desire or yearning to establish, maintain, and continuously improve a hospitable and compassionate atmosphere for everyone regardless of what culture an individual belongs to or what beliefs he or she practices or what traditions he or she holds (Purdue University n. p. ). This means that a â€Å"food service director† should always be on the lookout on how to advance â€Å"cultural awareness, as well as, diversity† among its subordinates and everyone in the company he or she is working for, for that matter (Purdue University n. p. ). The subordinates of the â€Å"food service director† should be obliged to undergo â€Å"diversity training† wherein they will be taught certain languages or dialects that their clients speak (of course, this depends upon the location of their food service) (Purdue University n. p. ). For instance, in some places, there are mostly Filipinos and Spaniards who dine and so the â€Å"food service director† should make an effort to learn the language and even the culture of the aforementioned clients to make them feel that they are most welcome and so that they will also enjoy the service provided to them that will surely make them go back to that particular restaurant (Purdue University n. p. ). The same is true when it comes to the workforce of the â€Å"food service director†; he or she should be able to learn to respect other people’s cultures, practices, beliefs and be a perfect example for everybody he or she leads (UNESCO n. p. ). The â€Å"food service director† should be able to work with his or her subordinates effectively and this is a way to do it; upholding such will also improve the working relationship of the subordinates and thus they are motivated to become more productive as well (UNESCO n. p. ). Comparison of Culturally Diverse Groups For example, if we choose Filipinos as a culturally diverse group and compare its differences, as well as, similarities to the Americans, which in this case is the main-stream group, we will find out that for Filipinos, rice is a â€Å"major staple food† unlike Americans where they enjoy mashed potatoes a lot more than rice (BBC News n. p. ). Another difference that should be respected by the â€Å"food service director† is the use of eating utensils; he or she should be aware that Filipinos utilize spoon and fork typically instead of the spoon and knife that the Americans are used to (Kwintessential Cross Cultural Solutions n. p. ). In addition to the aforementioned, Filipinos usually arrive â€Å"fifteen to thirty minutes later† especially if it is a large party, unlike Americans who always pay particular attention to the time (Kwintessential Cross Cultural Solutions n. p. ). On the other hand, what these two cultures have in common is the fact that they dress properly when dining out (Kwintessential Cross Cultural Solutions n. p. ). Certain Accommodations/Adjustments that the Food Service Director has to Make There are several things that a Food Service Director can do and some of these are the following: First of all, it is important for the â€Å"food service director† to value certain differences (UNESCO n. p. ). This example portrayed by him or her will surely be instilled in his or her subordinates and will surely play a large role in the success of their service, and consequently that of their company as well (UNESCO n. p. ). Second, â€Å"food service director† has to learn the communication practices of their clients, for instance, there are certain cultures that appreciate being complimented on the clothes they wear and some think it is rude for strangers to comment on such personal issue; the â€Å"food service director† really has to develop tolerance for such (UNESCO n. p. ). The same is true with regards to suggesting on what food to order, in some cultures, they consider it rude if the â€Å"food service representatives† directly suggest; they appreciate it much better if they ask first before the â€Å"food service representatives† speak to them (UNESCO n. p. ). Third, the â€Å"food service director† has to be knowledgeable about certain languages that clients typically utilize to give them a sense of being exceedingly welcome (Purdue University n. p. ). Finally, the â€Å"food service director† has to uphold cultural awareness among his or her subordinates (Purdue University n. p. ). Conclusion It is important to be culturally aware so as to achieve more productivity; this is good for the food service business (Purdue University n. p. ). Furthermore, working relationships are upheld and maintained when the â€Å"food service director† and everyone around him is culturally-aware, this means that they value differences and that they respect each other (Purdue University n. p. ). Moreover, clients feel extra comfortable knowing that the places they dine at know, understand, and respect their culture, beliefs, and traditions as well (Purdue University n. p. ). This only shows that tolerance for culturally diversity is an extremely important issue nowadays and that properly/not properly addressing such issues will make or break a certain individual/career/business (Purdue University n. p. ). Works Cited BBC News. Rice Prices Hit Philippines Poor. 6 April 2008. n. a. 16 May 2008. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/7330168. stm Kwintessential Cross Cultural Solutions. Philippines: Language, Culture, Customs, and Etiquette. n. d. n. a. 16 May 2008. http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/resources/global-etiquette/philippines-country-profile. html Purdue University. Purdue Housing and Food Services Wins National Diversity Award. 13 November 2007. n. a. 16 May 2008. http://news. uns. purdue. edu/x/2007b/071113CoulsonDiversity. html UNESCO. Promoting Tolerance. 2007. n. a. 16 May 2008. http://portal. unesco. org/shs/en/ev. php-URL_ID=6551&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201. html

Reviving the Hemingway in Me

Writing is regarded as one of the fundamental learning skills that every student should learn. When we were in our early years, we are taught of how to write the alphabet. I could still remember the tedious experience of filling the pages of my notebook with the letters. Everyday, different letter is documented in the pages of my notebook. This activity aims to attain the perfection of writing characters adhering on the blue and red lines of my writing notebook. I could also remember when I started practicing the cursive form of writing, involving loops and sloppy curves. At first, my handwriting was illegible, that even I had a hard time reading the papers I wrote. After attaining perfection in recognizing and writing the timeless characters of the alphabet, the time of constructing sentences and simple paragraphs was the next in the line of my learning in my English class. The construction of my sentences includes grammar and syntax. My childhood experience in this aspect includes wrong choice of words and wrong subject-verb agreement, but these things were forgivable as I was a beginner back then. The words I used widen my ever-growing vocabulary and add up to the increasing body of knowledge I hold. As the sadistic education process progresses, the integrated requirements in the curriculum took a notch to the higher level. Subjects became harder and professors require loads of work. Essays have become a common and everyday work in English classes and other subjects. Almost every aspect of school suddenly required writing. My calloused fingers never stops working as I tediously finished all the necessary requirements for my classes. Through this activities that were often unnoticed by the students honed our essential craft in writing. The assignments that our mentors give out serve as practice in developing further what we already know. Determining one’s level of writing has become difficult. Because there are no agreed determinants for the quality of writing. Moreover, writing have different aspects and criteria could never be generalized. Literary writers are very proficient in utilizing adjectives and idiomatic expressions, and have very good writing skills. But they could not be as competent in technical writing or writing research papers and business related texts. In my personal view, my writing skill is average, for there are certain aspects of writing that I ought to learn. I am able to accomplish assigned writing tasks though I am not confident that it would satisfy every person's taste. For writing is subjective or relative, it may be good for one but not to all. I am able to write compositions of different kinds, like literary, formal and technical writing based on the requirements for the text. I can easily adjust my writing style on the needed criteria for the writing assignment. My strong points include the fact that I am well-versed and able to utilize the English language appropriately. I am able to play with words, especially in literary writing which requires the use of adjectives and style. Modesty aside, I could regard myself well in developing a certain topic and including relevant information needed in written work. I am also a wide reader that I think is very essential in writing for reading enables you to include all kinds of relevant information you obtain through research. I am also knowledgeable in the different citation style, like MLA and APA. Though I am not very familiar with the other citation styles, I am very willing to learn this for it will be useful in my study. I am also open to constructive criticisms for the improvement of my writing style. My weaknesses would be on grammar, though this is only minimal errors. But sometimes, I tend to overlook some of my sentences and if I already committed errors in the written work. There are times that my mood affects my writing. Sometimes I tend to manifest my emotion through writing. The way I feel sometimes had an effect on my writing and my desired outcome on my manuscript. Instances like when I suffer melancholic situations, I tend to write about lonely stuffs or even not to write at all. But the positive side of me is I am eager to learn of the things I know nothing or little about. I am very open to criticisms especially when it comes to improving my writing capabilities. I am excited to take on challenges and this includes writing about topics I am not familiar with, for this is regarded as a new experience for me. Taking on subjects on unknown field gives me a wonderful feeling of discovering and learning new things. I am expecting that I will further improve and grow as a writer and I will be able to utilize my talents and skills for great outcomes. I am also expecting to learn new things like techniques that I am able to use in creating wonderful works on my craft. After taking this course, I expected to have that wonderful feeling that I am capable to write like my favorite novelist and develop stories that I could eventually share not only in the class but to others. This is the time that I could proudly say that I finally found the Hemingway in me.

Abdominal Pain Critique

‘Assessment of the patient with acute abdominal pain’ is an article published in Standard Nursing in 2006, written by Elaine Cole, Antonia Lynch, and Helen Cugnoni. In this article, Elaine Cole, Antonia Lynch, and Helen Cugnoni provide an overview of how nurses can thoroughly perform an assessment of abdominal pain in adults. For this reason, it is important that nurses obtain an accurate comprehensive patient history and assessment. This article also provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the abdomen, the various causes associated, and vital questions to properly perform an assessment of the abdominal pain. Summary of Article Abdominal pain is the one of the most common reasons that people seek help for medical care (Cole, Lynch, & Cugnoni, 2006). The abdomen is the largest cavity in the body and contains many organs and structures. The abdomen consists of the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, small intestine, and large intestine. For assessment purposes the abdomen is divided into four quadrants: left upper quadrant, left lower quadrant, right upper quadrant, and right lower quadrant. Abdominal pain has many causes, from simple to complex presentations (Cole et al. , 2006). Therefore, it is essential for nurses to understand the anatomy of the abdomen and be able to distinguish between acute and non-acute conditions to provide an effective treatment plan. According to Cole, Lynch, and Cugnoni (2006), It may be difficult to establish the cause of the abdominal pain because of the diversity of clinical signs and symptoms. A brief description of the common causes of abdominal pain and related symptoms are further discussed. Just to name a few causes, for example, appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix that often has a colicky pain around the umbilicus or epigastrium; symptoms include vomiting, constipation, loss of appetite, or occasional diarrhea (Cole et al. , 2006). Another, cholesystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder with a constant colicky pain in the right upper quadrant; symptoms include anorexia, nausea, vomiting and fever (Cole et al. , 2006). In addition, hepatitis is an infectious disease affecting the liver. There are several different types of hepatitis but the most common is hepatitis A; the pain is usually in the right upper quadrant with anorexia, jaundice, dark urine and pale stools, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, pyrexia, and urticaria (Cole et al. , 2006). Furthermore, a urinary tract infection (UTI) is also a very common cause associated with abdominal pain. Women are most prone in developing this infection. UTI’s are often characterized by suprapubic discomfort, dysuria (pain or burning during micturition), frequency, hematuria, urgency and cloudy urine (Cole et al. , 2006). In order for a patient to receive the appropriate care needed for the abdominal pain, nurses must complete an accurate and detailed history and assessment. According to Cole et al. (2006) a systemic approach to perform an assessment should be used so that vital information is not overlooked. Questions should be asked concerning: pain, associated symptoms, past medical history, medication history, family history, and a social history. Questions regarding pain should include the position, radiation, quality, character, relieving and exacerbating factors, severity, timing and duration. Additionally, other questions to ask would be pertaining to appetite or weight change, bowel habits, and nausea and vomiting, and urinary symptoms. As well as, a complete past medical history, current medications, social and family history should be included. Regardless of the symptoms or diagnosis, all patients should have nothing to eat or drink in case any operative interventions are needed. The physical assessment should present the patient’s vital signs: temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Further, diagnostics should consist of an electrocardiogram, urinalysis, lab test, and fluids. Patients may benefit from non-pharmacological methods of pain control such as positioning, warm compresses, and anxiety reduction through reassurance; nevertheless, analgesia will be prescribed to relieve pain and distress (Cole et al. , 2006). Also, anti-emetics are usually accompanying the pain medication to relieve any nausea and vomiting. Evaluation of the Article This is an interesting article, presenting an outline of an assessment of a patient with abdominal pain. The title clearly defines what the article is all about. The focused population, the major outcome being measured, and a brief description of the possible causes are all included in the title. The focused population here is adults experiencing abdominal pain. The major outcome being measured is the nurses overall understanding of anatomy and physiology and a thorough history taking and a brief description pointing out the most common causes of abdominal pain in a clinical setting. The author emphasizes on the most common causes of abdominal pain, as well as to assist nurses in the history taking and physical assessment. The article provides valuable knowledge of the assessment strategy in an organized fashion and a clear manner. However, the authors did not present any evidence, such as real cases or statistics. The purpose of this article is practical, interesting, and relevant. Practical since the assessment tools can most definitely be useful in the everyday use of health providers, so it can be easily adopted into nursing practice. Interesting as it goes into detail about the numerous possible causes and symptoms of abdominal pain. Relevant since it applies to nurses and other health providers in an acute clinical setting. The content discussed in the article will benefit nurses and practitioners. The summary in this article was able to provide me with an excellent overview of the topic encouraging me to want to read on and on. Also, the summary was short and concise. After reading this article, a deeper insight into understanding the anatomy and physiology of the abdomen is developed. The authors did a great job providing a table displaying the organs in the abdominal cavity, which was refreshing to one’s memory while reading about each possible cause of abdominal pain, thus allowing the article to be easily read. Additionally, the pneumonic used for the causes of pancreatitis is a great tool to have for future reference. The research in this article is sufficient in providing information on the health assessment and does not need additional research. Lastly, many terms mentioned in the article were well defined, but there were spelling errors in the article, pointing out a few words such as localized, generalized, feces, characterized, and summarized. Overall the article was good, yet, it could benefit from some improvement. Conclusion  This article provides a practical overview of the many abdominal pain causes, from acute to non-acute conditions. Nurses play a key role in collecting an accurate patient history and assessment of a patient presenting with abdominal pain. Abdominal pain is the most common reason people seek medical help and can reflect physical discomfort. Therefore knowledge of the many causes of abdominal pain and management is vital. Furthermore, it is essential that nurses understand the anatomy and physiology plus the symptoms related to abdominal pain.

Calibrating a pressure gauge using an air-operated dead-weight pressure gauge tester for air gauges

Calibrating a pressure gauge using an air-operated dead-weight pressure gauge tester for air gauges INTRODUCTION: Calibrationis the set of operations that establish the relationship between the values of quantities indicated by a measuring instrument and the corresponding values realized by standards. The result of a calibration allows for the determination of corrections to be made with regards to the indicated values. It may also help in determining other metrological properties such as the effect of influence quantities. The results of a calibration are usually documented and referred to as calibration certificate or a calibration report. Necessary adjustments are made to the instrument after calibration so that it always indicates readings corresponding to given values of the quantity measured. When the instrument is made to give a null indication corresponding to a null value of the quantity to be measured, the set of operation is called zero adjustment . The Calibration Process The first thing to consider in calibrating an instrument is its design. In order to be able to cal ibrate an instrument, the design of the instrument has to be capable of measurements that are â€Å"withinengineering tolerance† when used within certain conditions and over a reasonable period of time. The criteria used for assigning tolerance values vary according to regions and according to type of industry. Manufacturers of instruments assign a general measurement tolerance and suggest the calibration interval as well as the optimum environment for use and storage of the instrument. The user of the instrument on the other hand assigns the actual calibration interval, on the instrument’s likely usage level. For example, if a manufacturer states that an instrument needs to be calibrated after usage for 8-12 hours of use 5 days per week is six months, that same instrument in 24/7 usage would generally get a shorter interval. The assignment of calibration intervals can be a formal process based on the results of previous calibrations. Calibration process versus cost G enerally, the process of calibrating an instrument is a difficult and expensive one. As a rule of thumb, the cost for ordinary equipment support is generally about 10% of the purchasing cost of the instrument on a yearly basis. Exotic devices such asscanning electron microscopes,gas chromatographsystems andlaserinterferometerdevices can be even more expensive to calibrate. When the instruments being calibrated are integrated with computers, the integrated computer programs and any calibration corrections are also under control. The calibration paradox Successful calibration has to be consistent and systematic. At the same time, the complexity of some instruments requires that only key functions be identified and calibrated. Under those conditions, a degree of randomness is needed to find unexpected deficiencies. Even the most routine calibration requires a willingness to investigate any unexpected observation. Theoretically, anyone who can read and follow the directions of a calibra tion procedure can perform the work. It is recognizing and dealing with the exceptions that is the most challenging aspect of the work. This is where experience and judgement are called for and where most of the resources are consumed. THEORY Principles of Operation Of Dead Weight Testers Pressure is defined as force per unit area i.e.

KM at GlaxoSmithKline and McKinsey & Co Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

KM at GlaxoSmithKline and McKinsey & Co - Essay Example GSK by end-2005 was the world's third largest pharmaceutical company in terms of market capitalisation (85.5 billion) and is in the top tier of global industry competitors in turnover (21.7 billion), operating profits (6.9 billion), employees (over 100,000), products in development (149), and profitability (12 of 30 major products each had sales over 500 million) (GSK, 2006). GSK resulted from the 2000 merger between two English global healthcare businesses - Glaxo Wellcome plc and SmithKline Beecham plc -, and has its headquarters in London, two operational headquarters in the U.S., principal research and development (R&D) labs in the U.S., Japan, Italy, Spain, and Belgium, manufacturing plants in 37, operations in 119, and sales offices in 130 countries (GSK, 2006). Business competition and survival in the industry is characterised by getting the right number of products to the right markets at an affordable price and at the right time (Stiglitz, 2002, p. 224). Companies need to achieve efficiencies at all stages of each product's life cycle: from establishing the target strategy (which sickness to address and compounds to test), to testing and licensing (getting government approval takes years), commercialisation (where and how to sell, at what price, and which distribution network to use), and supply chain management (manufacturing and getting drugs to the patients who need them). Stiff competition from generics, rising product development costs, growing R&D failure rates, and increasing legal threats push GSK to develop drugs faster, safer, and more profitably. This is where KM initiatives are important. With over 100,000 employees - many among them top scientists that gave us retroviral drugs for HIV, vaccines for deadly hepatitis, medications for ulcers and erectile dysfunction, and Horlicks for nutrition - GSK is a repository of immense knowledge that can be shared efficiently and effectively. McKinsey & Company: An Overview McKinsey & Company is a privately held U.S.-based management consulting established in 1926 as an accounting and engineering analysis firm. The legendary Marvin Bower, Managing Director from 1950 to 1967, led its growth and development into a global power by transforming a small technical-oriented company into one of the most knowledge-based firms within the global management consulting industry (Edersheim, 2004). McK, with 2004 annual revenues of $3.5 billion and 11,500 staff working in 80 offices in 40 countries is highly profitable, has a strong brand image, and spends at least 10 percent of its annual revenues on managing and sharing knowledge. In comparison with other giants like IBM and Accenture, McK is the 8th largest in annual revenues (MCI, 2004). McK has been consistently recognised for developing knowledge workers through senior management leadership,

Gucci And Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gucci And Innovation - Essay Example This paper intends to analyze the employee creativity and innovation as a key focus for most international organizations especially while trying to manage global economic crises in recession. Among other ways through which the multinationals remain strategic and influential in the international, market especially in terms of competition and market segmentation is through organizational processes and products/services differentiation. A key strategy that has been adopted in this regard is through adoption and focus on creativity and innovation. Employees have been very instrumental in ensuring relevance of the international organizations through creativity and innovation. However, the level of innovation and creativity by such employees has been dependent of institutional frameworks and thus organizational leadership becomes very instrumental in empowering the employees for such assignments as designing of products and services for the companies through innovation and creativity (OECD , 2009, p. 5-6). Discussion Innovation is a phenomenon that is socially acceptable, which brings together the ideas of different people and the implementation of the same. Moreover, through innovation, products and services are designed and made through the cooperation of people working together. The success of any organization especially in innovation and creativity requires the collaboration of efforts by the leadership as well as the subordinates. The management/leadership teams within organizations are usually tasked to propel the organization forward with implementation of policies meant for realization of goals and objectives carried on by the organization. In fact, many studies reveal that to many organizations, goals are just one and the same as the performance of the organization itself. However, it is more challenging to realize set goals and there must be some frameworks through which the realization of set goals; short term as well as the long-term goals (Ordonez et al, 2009, p.1-5). The process of driving the international organization towards realization of the set goals entails among other things proper planning and human resource management. International organizations’ management such as is the case with Gucci undertakes the planning in terms of short-term vision as well as long-term vision. Whenever an organization adopts either short-term goals or the long-range vision, continuous improvement is vital in order to realize that long-term objective. Nevertheless, changes in management practices have seen a substantial shift of the management practices from long range planning to much simplified planning structures, which concentrate with very short-term goals that are easy to achieve and evaluate. In order for any business to remain relevant and objective, the periodical evaluation and analysis of performance is critical. Innovation and creativity is such a basic tool that is currently in use in order to realize such goals especially aimed at overcoming the effect o f economic recession that affects the global economy today (Sharma et al, 2010, p. 29-30). In the choice of management practice to adopt, any management team must therefore put profit consideration into perspective. Continuous

Introduction to Organisations and Management Essay

Introduction to Organisations and Management - Essay Example Hence, in any good organization, there should be a clear road map that decides the specific roles of various people at different tiers so that good coordination would be possible facilitating maximum out put in unit time. In general, several principles of management play vital role in giving any organization a solid strength and proper direction and an element of sustainability. Effective management also facilitates good organizational design and structure, effective team work, ideal organizational culture and dynamic leadership. To understand this properly, practical studies of some organizations and comparison of their operation and management styles would be of immense help. Keeping this in consideration, a relative comparative analysis of two different firms i.e. Watson’s Engine Components vs. H&M Consulting has been made in terms of their style of operation and nature of management. The operation and management of both these firms is discussed with special emphasis to str ucture and design of organization, team work, leadership issues and organizational culture. ... Good organizational design would always facilitate better coherence and coordination among the employees and would also be instrumental in production of high quality end products. In the present case study, the organizational design of Watson’s Engine Components is hierarchial and it is not satisfactory as it lacks proper direction. In any organizational design, the founder or leader has to provide clear road map in which the organization has to concentrate for achieving its predetermined targets. Moreover, an effective organizational structure requires functional and divisional components (Hax and Majluf, 1981). In Watson’s Engine Components, Watson couldn’t give any futuristic model and it is completely family owned company with less diversification and specialization is also wanting as there is no proper division of works under different sections or departments. In this way, there is no proper communication and operation of authority of individual employees, s pan of control and accountability resulted in poor performance of Watson’s Engine Components. There is no coherence at among the employees and flexibility is also found to be lacking which makes Watson’s Engine Components less competitive in the present day market. For meeting the present needs of the market, the design has to be modified in any successful organization (Kikulis et al., 1995). But this has never happened in Watson’s Engine Components. The staff absenteeism and turn over rates of technical staff are quite quite high in Watson’s Engine Components resulting in poor organizational efficiency and this is to be addressed immediately. The Managing Director Gordon

Fast Food and Children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fast Food and Children - Essay Example Studies related to the culture of color pin different societies argue about blue and pink as cool and romantic colors. However, the correlation of the colors worn by the mother in the film and the general mood indicate a controversial nature to the desired meaning. The result of the controversy is the unhappy mood evident in the mother’s face that builds suspense to audience to realize the uneasy nature the mother has towards her child. The generalized approach of the controversial use of romantic colors with the signs of depression is a lesson to the target viewers to understand the repercussions of feeding on junk food despite the delicious and appealing tastes. The child’s blue tee shirt is an indication of the love that the family seeks to share, but the daily injections bar the characters from revealing such affection in their behavior. Since the mother enters the room, the blue clothed child does not look into her eyes as he continues with his activities with know ledge of his mother’s presence and the expected injection. The wooden facilities in the house are mahogany brown. Arguably, the wooden floor matches with the furniture, but fails to match with the walls, which are white and black in color (Fast Food and Children). From an artistic point, it is arguable that the use of the wooden floor is a deliberate act for the environment to remain dull. It is notable that the reduced lighting in the room and the mahogany colored floor erode the desired humor and love that should be present in every family.

Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Statistics Project Example In this case, a description of the length of labor could have been initiated whereby the length of labor of one works would be considered as a random variable. A probability distribution that provides a description to such a random variable would them be initiated. 4. The distributions of scores for the experimental and control groups were not similar for the length of labor because the two means were different. The mean of the experimental group was 14.63 while that of the control group was 12.79, portraying a mean difference of 1.84 (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003). 5. The experimental and control groups were slightly in their type of feeding since in all types of feeding such as bottle feeding, breast feeding, as well as the combination of the two modes of feeding depicted a difference in their mode, as a measure of central tendency (Mann, 1995). Breast-feeding was found to have a mode of 40.6% for the experiment group against 41.7% for the control group, while bottle-feeding had a mode of 53.1% against 50.0% for the experimental group and control group respectively. On the other hand, the combination of both the breast and bottle-feeding showed a mode of 6.3 and 5.6 for the experimental group and the control group respectively (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003). 6. The marital status mode for the subjects in the experimental and control groups included 78.1% for the married subject in the experimental group, against 86.1% for the control group. The mode also included 3.1% for the separated/divorced subjects in the experimental group against 2.1% in the control group, and 18.8% for the single subjects in the experimental group, against 8.3 in the control group (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003). The frequencies for these three subject categories for the experimental groups against the control groups were 0.781 vs. 0.861, 0.031 vs. 0.021, and 0.188 vs. 0.083 for the married, separated/divorced, and single subjects respectively. 7. The median for the education data cannot be

History of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of Psychology - Essay Example Same is with the study of different kinds of areas of education. Psychology is a kind of social science that has emerged to be one of the prime aspects of life today. All the marketing activities are revolving around the concepts of psychology which have evolved over the last 100 years. The research and development that has taken place has multiplied with each passing year. All the fundamental aspects of human life and functioning are now explained through the various concepts of psychology. Hence psychology has become an integral part of our lives. The type and extent of research that was done at the start of 1900s was different from what it is today. Methods of research are increasing, and developing; providing room for improvement to the research that was already present. Also the theories and concepts which were popular in the start were not as important as more concepts were coming as research was growing. A cross-sectional analysis of the studies which were conducted in two different time frames would provide one with a better picture regarding the difference of opinions, topics and concepts in different eras. For this purpose, two articles have been chosen pertaining to different eras of the 1900s. Thorough analysis of these articles would help us understand the evolution of research and concepts in psychology. The first article that has been chosen was published in 1914 in the Psychological Bulletin/ Psychological Review Company, named as "Psychology of religion". This article was written by Elsworth Faris and advocated the different concepts prevailing regarding religion in the world and their linkage to the psychology of human beings. The other article was chosen from the same journal but published in 1958. The opening remarks from the symposium on relationships between religion and mental health, delivered by Herman Fiefel, were chosen to be analyzed. Like the previous article this article also talks about the relationship between religion and its effect on the mental state of mankind. (Faris, 1914) To start off with, religion has a fundamental link with the mental health and stability of a person. It has been established that believing in the presence of the unknown power above us helps us to live better/accountable lives in this world. It makes us responsible for our actions and can help make the world a better place. This topic has been discussed and researched upon over the years by scientists and results have shown linkage between the two aspects of life. While going through the first article, one notices that the common concept of psychology and religion, pragmatism, is being discussed; the fact that at that time all the concepts were considered important only when they were proved. Pragmatism talks about the purposes behind everything and not a single purpose; it strives to prove to concepts. In the article, the author believes that the faith Christianity is the epitome of the riddle of existence. Although the article clearly mentions that education is an important factor in the development of sound religious concepts. Education helps the person identify with the key facts of the religion; these facts are the presence of a single power which can help them with thing; the fact that they will be offered redemption, the existence of evil and the presence of self-esteem of man. These beliefs are

Performance Appraisal Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Performance Appraisal Systems - Essay Example The evaluation is normally done by the individual's immediate superior in the organization who rates others is also rated by his superior. Performance appraisal employees rating techniques for comparing individual employees in his work group, in terms of personal qualities or deficiencies and the requirements of their respective jobs. It should be differentiated from job evaluation, which is concerned with the determination of worth of different jobs. Performance appraisal refers to the task of the rating or assessing the individual performance and abilities at work. (Yvonne, 1999, p.119) The performance appraisal is a formal programme in an organization, which is concerned not only with the contributions of the members who form part of the organization, but aims at spotting the potential also. The satisfactory performance is only a part of the system as a whole and the management needs more than merely evaluating the performance of the subordinates Performance evaluation is, something of an executive, art and science in itself. One important benefit of the system is that it helps top management to make further judgements about the executives who judge others. The top management can get a sense from the various performance appraisals, about the various departments of the organization and also the need of executive development in the years to come. Performance appraisal helps the supervisors to evaluate the performance and to know the potentials of their subordinates systematically and periodically. (Yvonne, 1999, p.124) Following are the benefits of merit rating: (a) It helps in the correct placement of workers. (b) Performance rating helps in guiding and correcting employees. (c) It helps the employees to know where they stand and consequently they try to improve their performance. (d) The performance appraisal helps to find out the ability of the personnel. This will stimulate them to better their performance in a bid to improve their rating over others. (e) Ratings can be used as the basis of sound personnel policy in relation to transfer and promotion. (f) Performance appraisal helps in designing the training programme in better way. (g) The performance appraisal if done scientifically and systematically will prevent grievances and develop a sense of confidence amongst workers because they are convinced of the impartial basis of evaluation. The making of appraisal ratings has a beneficial effect both on the persons doing the appraisal and the one being appraised. The appraisal brings to attention of supervisors or executives, the importance of knowing their subordinates as individuals. Purpose of Performance Appraisal Systems The object of performance appraisal falls in two categories: Administrative; and Self- improvement (a) Administrative Promotion. This is perhaps the most important administrative use of performance appraisal. It is of common interest to both, management and employees, to promote employees to